we  realize that there is another case we should deal with and which is an example of strategic thinking.

People: Andres Perea

1. Introduction
2. Part I: Standard beliefs in static games
   1. Belief in the opponent’s rationality
   2. Common belief in rationality
   3. Simple belief hierarchies
3. Part II: Lexicographic beliefs in static games
   1. Primary belief in the opponent’s rationality
   2. Respecting the opponent’s preferences
   3. Assuming the opponent’s rationality
4. Part III: Conditional beliefs in dynamic games
   1. Belief in the opponents’ future rationality
   2. Strong belief in the opponent’s  rationality

Practical and Theoretical problems in every chapter.

Given a  search space, apply search and find the solution quickly and make sure that solution is optimal. i.e, both look up cost and execution cost must be minimum.

Brute force procedure

BritishMuseum (){

1. Explore the entire search space;
2. return the optimal solution;

}

Branch&Bound(){

1. open <- {(start, NIL, Cost(start))}
2. closed <- {}
3. while TRUE
4.   do if Empty(open)
5.                   then return FAILURE;
6.   pick  the cheapest node n from  open
7.   if GoalTest(Head(n))
8.            then return ReconstructPath(n)
9.    else  children <- MoveGen(Head(n))
10.              for each m ∈ children{
11.                       do Cost(m) <- Cost(n) + K(m, n)
12.                        Add  (m, Head(n), Cost(m) ) to open }

}

GeneralisedBranch&Bound(){

1. start with all possible solutions
2. repeat
3.      Refine the least ( Estimated cost ) solution further
4. until the cheapest solution is fully refined
   
5. return s

}

Dijkstra’s Alg(){

1. Color all nodes white
2. cost(start) <- 0
3. parent(start) <- NIL
4. for all other nodes n
5.        do cost(n) <- ∞
6. repeat
7.     select lowest cost white node n
8.      color n black
9.      for all white neighbors m of n
10.             do if (const(n) + k(n, m)) < cost(m)
11.                   then cost(m) = const(n) + k(n, m)
12.                             parent(m) <- n
13. until all nodes are colored black

}

A*(){

// heuristic fun f(n) = g(n) + h(n)

//g(n) =known cost of path found from S to n

//h(n) = Estimated cost of path from n to G

1. open <- List(start)
2. f(start) <- h(start)
3. parent(start) <- NIL
4. closed <- {}
5. while open is not EMPTY
6.    do
7.        Remove node n from open such that f(n) has the lowest value
8.        Add n to closed
9.        if GoalTest(n) == TRUE
10.             then return Reconstructpath(n)
11.        neighbors <- MoveGen(n)
12.        for each m ∈ neighbors
13.               do switch
14.                    case m ∉ open and m ∉ closed : /* new node */
15.                            Add m to open
16.                            parent(m) <- n
17.                            g(m) <- g(n) + k(n, m)
18.                            f(m) <- g(m) + h(m)
20.                     case m ∈ open :
21.                            if (g(n) + k(n, m) ) < g(m)
22.                                   then  parent(m) <- n
23.                                              g(m) <- g(n) + k(n, m )
24.                                              f(m) <- g(m) + h(m)
26.                     case m ∈ closed :
27.                            if (g(n) + k(n, m) ) < g(m)
28.                                   then  parent(m) <- n
29.                                              g(m) <- g(n) + k(n, m )
30.                                              f(m) <- g(m) + h(m)
31.                                             propagateImprovement(m)
32. return FAILURE

}

PropagateImprovement(m){

1.  neighbours <- MoveGen(m)
2. for each  s ∈ neighbours
3.         do newGvalue <- g(m)  + k(m, s)
4.               if newGvalue < g(s)
5.                   then parent(s) <- m
6.                             g(s) <- newGvalue
7.                             if s ∈ closed
8.                                   then PropagateImprovement(s)

}

Admissibility of A*

Assumptions:

1. The branching factor is finite

Board Games:

• two persons,
• Zero sum,
• complete information,
• alternative moves, and
• deterministic games.

Convention of game trees

• MiniMax()
• AlphaBeta()

In above figure, Max has found

• SSS*()
• B*()

Reinforcement learning (RL) in Soar allows agents to alter behavior over time by
dynamically changing numerical indifferent preferences in procedural memory in response
to a reward signal.

This learning mechanism contrasts starkly with chunking.  Whereas
chunking is a one-shot form of learning that increases agent execution performance by
summarizing sub-goal results, RL is an incremental form of learning that probabilistically
alters agent behavior.

Many people say that the games, bridge and Euchre are very similar to each other and if you like to play one than you will more than likely enjoy playing the other as well.

Bridge:

• four people and two sets of partners that are playing with each other against the other team
• A full standard deck of 52 cards is used;
• all the cards are dealt in a circle one by one until each player has 13 cards.
• Then a team bids how many tricks they will at least win and also what  suit is trump or no suit as trump.
• The player then begins to play to the left and whoever wins the most tricks or the number that they declared wins that round.

Euchre:

• four players in two competing partnerships.
• only 24 cards in play, the cards that are used are 9, 10, Jacks, Queens, Kings and Aces.
• The first team to score 10 points win the whole game.
• the first team to win max tricks wins the round
• Five cards are dealt to each player and the rest are put face down in the middle – these cards are used for different purposes depending on the rules you are using similarly to bridge a trump suit is declared and then the game follows.
• Many say that Euchre is an abstracted version of Bridge but both games are very enjoyable to play!

Not many games are as methodical as Bridge, and this makes many Bridge players fanatical in their dedication to the game.   The game developed from Whist, and in particular a variant called Russian Whist.  Computer bridge players though not yet challenging to Experts but they has a real time explanation of what bids mean as well as an extensive help file, so is ideal for beginners and experts.

Bridge Best Links

wolrdbridge.org – World Bridge Federation
acbl.org – the American Contract Bridge League
Cats at Cards – how to play Contract Bridge
Bridge Winners – great information on all things Bridge
Bridge+ this is a great French Bridge Site
Fifth Chair Bridge Foundation for those who need another chair!
Karen’s Bridge Library – well worth a look
The House Of Cards – a great resource for all card games
Wikipedia – the classic resource

Euchre Best Links

Cats at Cards – a very good manual on Euchre rules
The House Of Cards – great Euchre resource
Pagat – a terrific site for lots of card game rules
Euchre – There Is No Other Card Game site
Championship Euchre – for PalmOS PDA’s

DFS

BFS

Best first search

Hill climbing

branch and bound

A* Search.

AO* Search / Goal Tree Search.

in each of the above we will be discussing space complexity and time complexity and main purpose of algorithm.

These days in pursuit of certainty, I have made many many academic gurus online and offline, directly and indirectly, through textbooks or Moocs or live class rooms here at IITM.

So these knowledge i have been gaining must pen down …else due to my bounded resources and capabilities, i am highly prone to forgetfulness .

Few courses i have taken at IIT

AI: Artificial Intelligence By Prof. Deepak Khemani

NLP: Natural Language Processing By Prof. Sutanu Chakraborthy

FunDaS: Algorithmic foundations of Data Science By Prof. John Augustine

CA: Computer Architecture By Prof.Chandra shekar

MCCS: Mathematical Concepts for Computer Science By Prof. Raghavendra rao and Prof. Jayalal sharma

ADSA: Advanced Data Structures and Algorithms by Prof. John Augustine and Prof. Meghana Nasre

APL: Advanced Programming Lab by Prof. John Augustine and Prof. Meghana Nasre

KRR: Knowledge Representation and Reasoning. by Prof. Deepak Khemani

PnCS: Planning and Constraint Satisfaction by Prof.Deepak Khemani and Prof. Narayana Swami.

TAO: Theory and Applications of Ontologies by Prof.Sreenivas Kumar.

MBR: Memory Based Reasoning in AI.by Prof. Sutanu Chakraborthy.

Few Courses online

Society of Mind by Prof.Marvin Minsky.

Artificial Intelligence by Patrick Winston.

Intro to Logic by M.Genesereth

General Game Playing by M.Genesereth

KBAI : Prof.Ashok goel

Game Theory by

NLP by Jurafsky

Algorithmic Game Theory

what is Epistemic Logic and reasoning

• what is modal logic and how knowledge and belief are represented and reasoned
• what is possible world semantics
• what is multi agent system
• what are kripke structures
• how are these logics axiomatized. S5 system
• group knowledge and common knowledge and public announcements
• what is dynamic epistemic logic
• how can uncertainty  modeled in epistemic logic.
• belief itself is unsure or uncertain knowledge .a probabilistic and possibilistic approach
• probabilistic update models for systems state change
• games in DEL
• how can Reinforcement Learning helps in knowledge acquisition
• how can a bridge be an ideal playground to test our study.
• details of contract bridge game and how an expert plays the game
• meta reasoning or higher order reasoning
• what is a strategy?
• rational choice or decision making
• modeling agent, cooperating agent and competitive agent
• Experimental results